Mishap Engineering envisaged in Western China - Jieduan King

 Qin Hui: Engineering Mishap envisaged in Western China Source: The Economic Observer reported, according to institutions are widely circulated. This book by the Second Artillery Corps of the Political Department Li Ling, director of the original lasted for 17 years, have written from tracking. This book describes as ;, researchers from the private water study proposed by Guo Kai, the main idea is to a large number of Tibet without the use of water, with dams blocking promotion, through the canal, some water into the Yellow River drainage waterway, the Yellow River forever trapped solution , North China and Northwest solve the drought problem. This is a very romantic idea: the Brahmaputra in Tibet, Mary Moon Beach dam, diversion dam string Nu River, Lancang, Jinsha, Yalong, Dadu, and stopped Four of the Yellow River's water, into the Yellow River from the Sichuan Aba, in the injection port of the pull-pull family home construction Gap Gap large reservoir, start streaming out of a reservoir of water of the Yellow River, the Yellow River channel water north, along the Yellow River and north of the solution thirst Solution of Yellow River Wing of the storm; then pulled from the relatively high altitude home Gorge Reservoir to the lower elevations of the Qinghai Lake, construction of a nullah, to pull 60% of home Gorge in Qinghai Beside the lake water from the freshwater lake into the sea ear. higher than the altitude of the Qinghai Lake basin, Xinjiang, several, Inner Mongolia and other areas of serious water shortage, the beach can get through three channels in the ear. line north of Inner Mongolia, the Mongolian border in the water along Noel Lake hoarse, rehabilitation and irrigation Bataan Jaran Desert, the sand of the Juyan for Beijing to become an oasis of lush plants. The other line from Hamilton to the northwest into the basin diversion, economic water Urumqi, Karamay and other places. the third line the west, to open a canal leading to the Tarim , transformation, and watering the Qaidam, Tarim Basin and the Lop Nur, the Lop Nur desert turned back thousands of years ago from the flooding, how many years here will Gaan Populus, over and over grazing. : Deputy Director and Secretary General of the Preparatory Committee; Beijing consulting Development Corporation chairman moon days. The English version of the famous geologist Weng Wenhao who, Mr. Guo Kai spent his whole life tirelessly to promote their own ideas, Tadao commendable, but he is after all not well in the professional training, as the current Minister of Water Resources Wang Shucheng said, many of its ideas unrealistic. highly developed in science Today, no research results have to follow the professional academic standards, rather than through the media hype, or to force people to promote academic recognition. So, we did not make any commitments on Mr. Guo Kai, but left Mr. Guo Kai's drawings. But According to General Atlantic line of vision of groups as the most direct facilitator national strategic security programs in Western China under the pretext of pushing into the national demonstration level. Obviously, Mr. Guo Kai's brainstorms are ground, rooting, in a sense, our technical decision-making in turn be a major test of the public. In Here, we need to review the on the professional and major issues of technical nature, to carry out a discussion by experts, technical advice, decision-making assessment We believe that, if only because scientific proof, is our government decision-making more scientific and democratic basic guarantee, but also enhance the ability of Chinese Communist Party's powerful measures. - Editor Qin Hui / Man With the era of reform and opening up the development of national environmental crisis and the North, particularly The growing water crisis highlighted various diversion programs to keep a strategic focus for discussion. In recent years several times been reported recently by the one. our history to be called strategy of the great debate, and indeed worthy of attention. The discussion in recent years of the Three Gorges, the Nu was placed as the various arguments reflect Such reverence for nature and humans over nature, or , Zhang Guangdou, Qian and Britain appear to be The matter-of-need, may not have a deeply involved in public decision-making technical major institutional problems. all of these levels of problems are far from only a few elite was concerned. It is also up to the highest level down to the readers are interested reasons. The author is not the same with Mr. Guo Kai water professionals in rural areas since then participated in several admirable, but his ideas I do not agree. I think the water should first sort of argument sake of discussion, do not agree with that from the ideology of the serious water crisis may indeed can not avoid transfer problems, but like the ; the idea, I do not think that is now fashionable This is not so much because of their warm air from the Indian Ocean, so if we can use nuclear explosion ripped a hole in the Himalayas, into the warm air can, and change for the southern Tibet, and even change the arid northwest. In fact, without this theory, is not First, it is by the mountain uplift in the long process of erosion has also cut down, the cutting speed mountain uplift in the number of lots more than speed, so they formed this mountain range is a strange feature: while it is towering snow, not the macro-geographical watershed. mountains north of the river cutting through the mountain out of a road in the canyon flows Shannan is common. the famous, such as possession of cloth vest - karnali River, Peng Song - Arun River, Langqin zangbo - Sartre Ledger River Brahmaputra - Brahmaputra River (which cuts out the famous Brahmaputra valley fed up with pagodas) and so on. That is to say: a wall of the Himalayas is not a continuous wall, it is now, there are many gaps, then you out of a gap is more deep-fried can do? to know - is actually really leveled so what? not to mention warm and humid air is mainly affected by the macro-trend that we now know much of its movement mechanism system dominate the global atmospheric circulation, so not only by the terrain which, even if only in respect terrain , the blocking of warm air is also not just a Himalayan mountain range, with an average elevation of over four thousand meters of the Tibetan plateau itself is blocked from the meters above sea level moist air blowing in these plains. You can do the entire Tibetan plateau leveling ? to know the so-called mountains, but turned warm and humid air, not to say that the air really hard, but that of the tropical air at the cold at the campaign to freeze when cool rain fall for the condensate cloud, so that the air water vapor on the windward side was a lot of consumption, so turn to become dry and cold mountain air. And the process does not need to happen seventy-eight km mountain. We know from the Ganges plain to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the transitional zone has one of the world the most high-rainfall zone in the world are Cherrapunji rain, rain all China (now the Indian-controlled area) bus cards are in the areas past. and this area started from the following meters above sea level, to three or four kilometers had ended, in other words, snow and glaciers in the Himalayan mountains, including training in Tibet, including the Brahmaputra waters, yet if leveled the Himalayas, I'm afraid the What southern Tibet, but Tibet's largest desert! seen many of the , that is, a lot of water in the Brahmaputra, is said to be China's third, Tibet did not take. and it is the terrain and the high Tibetan plateau Well, more than the arid northwest, and was said to be our . The remaining problem is the project, even if it is then difficult, Yu Gong, have to worry that bad? But the key question: the setting up of these two premises it? Tibetan high, migrated to the water are mostly true. But the Ya River Watershed upper alpine arid, and not much water (annual precipitation, upstream Saga only 280 mm 410 mm Zetang middle), until the downstream sub-humid areas in Southeast, with the sudden drop in terrain, the rain becomes more positive (Nyingchi 654 mm, the wave density 877 mm, more than 2,000 mm Medog), only a sudden surge in traffic, a downstream tributary Palongzangbu short, the flow of the mainstream than the middle Yajiang are much greater. Yajiang the so-called traffic ranking third, refers to the collection of the past in Pakistan after the tributary card in we stand near the Indian border at the more than 1650 million, I do not know how far. In fact, the whole Yajiang now only five hydrological stations, hydrological data is not all, not to mention more than a long bus past the river card is now in the Indian-controlled areas, the hydrological conditions it harder to understand. But this does not affect the conclusion - where flow really impressive Yajiang. But the terrain it? Do not mention Tibet, said a the transition zone, and to us This alone, makes today a number of Matan speaking, hydrological stations, according to data near the village sheep, the average runoff is only 28.9 billion cubic meters, but a Palestinian card exit flow past a fraction, but nowhere near as much water downstream tributaries Palongzangbu. Guo Mr. open water in this 300 billion on side, I do not know whether he checked the data prior the year 1999 when this fieldwork, he also said the village to the moon from the sheep there are some small tributaries Matan import, increase inflow of 40-60 billion cubic meters. But this claim credible? far as I know there is no hydrological station on the small tributaries are no measured data, Mr. Guo Kai how come? Yang Shuo Ma village from the beach is only about three ten kilometers, there is no major tributaries during the injection, the distance will increase the catchment area of over 3000 square kilometers it at best. by geographical and climatic environments similar near the Lhasa River Basin water production rate per unit area also will be able to water one billion dollars so. Even more humid by the downstream basin water production rate Niyang calculation, the water also, but 20 billion. And the sheep thousand kilometers above the village of Point River, watershed 153,200 square kilometers, with more male Tibetan cloth, in Chu River, the Lhasa River and other major tributaries, but also in total annual flow of only 28.9 billion. see Guo's abacus is too full, his plan in this situation is not uncommon. man-made lake, river water diversion, not seen any of the net to make the adjustment to be so. But even so recklessly Jiezeeryu, there is a fatal problem: Since the new moon horse at the beach should Yajiang runoff almost dimming, it can not take dry disposable Hung. The so-called 300 billion cubic Yajiang water is a multi-year average annual runoff, not all the year round, year after year to balance like a flowing, dry flood flow, especially in very dry years of extreme flood and flow of a huge difference, like sheep, Village Station establishment of the station is only half a century, observed maximum flood (50 year flood) flows reached 8870 cubic meters / sec, more than ten times larger than the average, greater than the number of times of low flow. The diversion Guo Despite the scale of the program envisages a number of amazing high dams and large libraries, they are simply do not have the regulation and storage functions (that details below). In his vision of the future until the Yellow only be considered as a regulating reservoir of Qinghai Lake, which means the previous thousand kilometers of water transfer canal only by natural runoff, there are flood flood, a dry tone dry, while the diversion channel of the size scale of course, can only be designed by flood. Thus, although transfer 300 billion Shuo Ma Beach only on what he called a small part of water transfer 200.6 billion, but as this water was at 300 billion he has at least the size of the design flow of the canal - it is almost a Yangtze River ah! mountains in the mountain range all the way horizontally A man came out of the Yangtze River, this idea than , the annual water diversion can be less than the dry season runoff runoff runoff to less need for regulation and storage. But if the volume of water almost equal to water, it is necessary to consider the starting point for regulation and storage problems, not who the artificial channel designed as natural river, suddenly the flood overflow sometimes to more than just trickle. Guo may not think less than this, but he actually can not solve, they had to ignore this problem: the river basin is not only elegant, but are actually the Kham region, water scarcity, Although this capacity under the same elevation is unheard of hundreds of billions of cubic meters huge, but they are all in terms of transfer Storage can be used, which means that Mr. Guo and even those who often twenty-three one hundred meters or 400 meters high dam necessary for uniform regulation and storage capacity of water diversion. and that the problem exists not only in New Moon Horse Beach, Guo Kai on the Nu River, Lancang and so is the beach like the moon horse as Jiezeeryu Yajiang, transfer high rate (230 Lancang dam inflow million square / year, transfer 200 billion; Nu, said there were two: one said that 32.5 billion inflow, transfer 300 billion, and the other said 56.9 billion inflow, transfer 48 billion), that is high above the river Regulating dam must also be functional, that is, water elevation must be higher than the Guokai said. And once the design water level downstream reservoir to improve the upstream reservoir level of increase that must be larger, otherwise the water can not flow past. such a grade-level rise, Guo hundred meters envisaged the full height is clearly not enough. Yajiang in higher water upstream is nothing adjustable, if still want to date in the middle of the Mulberry - Add Search Canyon section (ie Mr Kwok said Matan where the moon) dam, which dam envisaged would not only like Guo high 90 meters, , to Lhasa, Shigatse, Tibet, and so all the essential areas Zetang both drowned! The Matan Shuo Guo originally envisaged that the following three hundred meters of the dam, but also to mention forty-five meters height. so super dam is not one or two, but the Shiba Jiu seat! it possible? Guo seems even are not so full of daring ideas. So Mr Kwok to achieve the purpose of transfer, he can only choose one between the two: or do not consider the regulation and storage, it must cross the mountain gorge out of three thousand miles man-made lake. Canal water diversion 200.6 billion compared to just a few. Of course he will have to adjust the Nu River, Lancang and Jinsha River water. But this Shuo-day canal known as Ya-Lin cited mountain All along the River tributary inflow of more than 3500 meters high, including the amount of water rich in Niyanghe, Palongzangbu, in order to achieve his announced Ya cited more than 1,000 billion cubic River Basin water scale. But the whole has been down to Yajiang Pakistan 150 meters above sea level did not come down past the water 139 500 000 000 card party, no matter how Jiezeeryu winding canals, can not lead the other side of the first (south) all the water, the second process can not be cited under 3500 meters of water. Although he arranged high dams and large libraries in some large tributaries downstream obstruct high water, but such as mouth height of Palongzangbu just over 2700 meters, 800 meters above the dam to be built to obstruct the water drainage line is completely impossible. and these wet support abortion more than water section in the lower reaches low altitude, 3500 meters above the incoming water is limited. Mr. Guo Kai On the upper reaches of each tributary water can be intercepted when the sheep, many of which are above the village - Shuo Ma added water between the beach, like to say, there is no measured only according to his estimates. so he can intercept the design of the drainage line to so much water, even the strong support of Mr. Deng Yingtao transfer is also very doubtful. is: The idea of the Grand Canal built halfway up the mountain in engineering possible? Notice This is not a Storage problem solved, but also on the annual flow of hundreds of billions of times in the Yellow River, Guokai design is so gentle drainage line, the flow rate can not be fast, so it means so much over the water flow cross-section must be large, do not say more than than the long tunnel is also difficult to play, Guokai agree with this view. but the problem is actually far more than that. at least in the cited paragraph Ya, Guo Kai's runoff of the task (or only cited Matan moon that point of water, repair is not worth such a large project on), so the high-risk areas is engineering, not only more flash floods, debris flow is the highest frequency of the place, building roads and not have to cross a bridge pier Yi Gong, Guo is now actually trying to channel cross-section too, the danger is more than just slope instability, Why not take the railway and the Xining little walk, but although the Sichuan-Tibet Highway north and south line, traffic is not to one-fifth of the Qinghai-Tibet highway, Sichuan-Tibet railway line is avoided. The reason is simple: the world's most dangerous mountain range mountain ravine roads in the area is too difficult! Sichuan-Tibet Highway has been built over half a century although, so far is still far from normal traffic, especially from a Nyingchi to Banda, mudslides, landslides, landslides and other geological hazards are serious, ;, ; and so on, almost all the way out of this thing in the year 1999 Guokai line breaking study on the road due to landslides, and then had to fly back to Chengdu, Lhasa, Qamdo flying around in a large circle. we all know that there is only our access to highways in the county: Medog. 140 km from Bomi to Medog Road since 1965 has lasted 40 years with unreasonable amendments in 1994, officially announced the to many large landslides due to retirement, this car does not come out into the open after Medog, rust into a pile of scrap In 2003 the Ministry of Communications sent experts to redesign the budget to 30 billion to repair through this way. a short wave Mexican road like this, difficult to repair the railway and I do not know how many times, like the kind envisaged Guokai flow of 200 billion Canal Grand Canal is more than I do not know how many times difficult to repair. Even if the repair has become, how to maintain? maintenance costs but also how much? Mo Bucheng the dumping country force the construction of large projects like roads, like the ink that wave, pass water for two days to retirement? examples illustrate the Sichuan-Tibet Highway: The road here is not easy, conservation more difficult to repair the collapse of .50 over the years, the collapse of the repair, endless , the cost of follow-up open than in the past I do not know the cost many times greater. if this were out here a abandoned the program in order to winding Milky Way over Nyingchi, Bomi's line, to lead change dramatically elegant lines get long tunnel for the high dam and large reservoirs plus the Niyang long tunnel to the upstream, and then hit a long tunnel Yigong zangbo upstream, but also hit the side of a long tunnel into the Nu River Dam County. aside high dams and large database and the difficulty of both long tunnel itself, this program The line is still the mountain range where though, but near the Sichuan-Tibet line to avoid the risk of geological zone, can be considered to reduce the risk of a winding Milky Way. But this change has brought new problems lines: underground tunnel is not cut along the winding Milky Way water features, even away from the wet north line of Palongzangbu and Niyang downstream, so that reality? And if along the way as water catchment issues can really be solved in such a large flow rate on how long the tunnel itself may be more a problem. Mr. Guo Kai and his friends in the tunnel experts today's most advanced technology can be made solve the problem of tens of kilometers long tunnel, but they forget to determine the length of the tunnel is not only feasible, but also depth and, more important factor is hole diameter or the size of the tunnel section of space. the world's current super- long tunnel or for road, rail traffic, or flow of water for small oil, in short, is a small section of the tunnel, which is available to deal with long tunnel of the most advanced shield tunneling method determined by the technical limitations. And Moon days of the canal without addressing the problem of regulation and storage point, the tunnel is necessary to build plan? no shield, do not rely on drilling blasting to Nangao, high dams and large reservoirs and easy. Mr. Guo Kai vigorous publicity burst dam, it seems that the dam can be unheard of technology, with a nuclear explosion into a dam to transform the idea of nature as early as 50 years ago once the rage in the Soviet Union and other countries. but do not say nuclear explosion into a dam, rockfill dam as a conventional small test blast with it, as major projects in the world has not yet instances. support the burst dam say the former Soviet Union Luogong dam to 380 meters this method out of the dam, and even said, but they are on the Filling, nothing to do with the blasting rock-fill dam, and it is a 30-year period has not yet completed, leaving the former Soviet Union's famous meters. rockfill dam using it to prove that to only 70 meters. rockfill dam bursting of the past had some exploration, such as the East Kawaguchi, Nanshui, have clothing, Shibianyu and the construction of ponds and other Dams cents, but also are small and medium projects. One of the most famous was built in 1970 near Xi'an Shibianyu rockfill dam burst. This is a capacity of more than two thousand Articles only a small reservoir. the experiment is usually considered a success, especially in the formation of the accumulation body blasting is considered ideal people think that easy. in fact just down the canyon formed blasting of the vertical accumulation, (accumulation of 57 meters high, but up to 370 meters wide at the bottom, do the same calculation, more than 300 meters Guokai those who often depend on the dam if piled up by blasting, a few kilometers wide at the bottom will be thick) on the need to manually filling in its upper horizontal dam. Shibianyu dam in the total volume of 208 Articles, 144 Articles total blast rockfill ( As such rockfill gentle slope, size is much larger than normal artificial dam, it is only the equivalent of 90 Articles about artificial dam), the amount of 64 Articles of artificial filling. that is blasting instead of the normal accumulation of the dam is only 60 %, and the remaining 40% needed artificial dam. In fact this is a common phenomenon in blasting rock-fill dam, foreign Meijie Ao Dam, south of the dam, dam and other clothing had been true. Since the formation of blast deposits can not be accurately scheduled bar-shaped and some other reason, all are in fact blasting rockfill dam burst avalanche in the rockfill dam on the add form of artificial construction. But far less rockfill dam foundation rock as a solid, small and medium pressure top small dams The question is not, as Guo Kai proposed thirty-four one hundred meters high dam (not to mention even higher after the regulation and storage considerations) in terms of construction blasting method, according to the above rules, at least about 100 meters above the need of artificial filling, Engineering is still amazing (each one is no less than the Three Gorges), but also an 100-meter high dam, and is not the kind of small dam Shibianyu put under enormous pressure of the meter high dam built in the rockfill, the feasible do ? Furthermore, the artificial dam on the layout of the spillway in the dam, hydraulic power generation facilities, blasting the body can not accumulate, the existing rockfill dam bursting, mostly to diversion, flood, water hydraulic power generation facilities the long tunnel and a large space holes arranged in the hall way on both sides of the mountain in the dam, which is not as good as blasting method is so entirely easy to imagine in one of the reasons, but not the worst, it is important that such an arrangement the geological stability of the mountain the requirements of a very high, and blasting rock-fill dam is the biggest engineering geology major explosion on the stability of the mountain. Meijie Ao, as a small dam burst Nanshui relatively small scale of the problem is not big, like ; new moon day of the Canal In fact not much cost province. Shibianyu reservoir investment 95 million yuan, of similar size in the 1970s is basically a conventional dam, this level of investment.